Brave New World Art the Matrix 2 Final Scene

1932 dystopian science fiction novel by Aldous Huxley

Dauntless New World

Get-go edition comprehend by Leslie Kingdom of the netherlands
Author	Aldous Huxley
Country	United Kingdom
Genre	Science fiction, dystopian fiction
Publisher	Chatto & Windus
Publication appointment	1932
Pages	311 (1932 ed.) 63,766 words[1]
OCLC	20156268

Brave New World is a dystopian social science fiction novel past English author Aldous Huxley, written in 1931 and published in 1932. Largely set in a futuristic World State, whose citizens are environmentally engineered into an intelligence-based social hierarchy, the novel anticipates huge scientific advancements in reproductive technology, sleep-learning, psychological manipulation and classical conditioning that are combined to brand a dystopian society which is challenged by only a single private: the story's protagonist. Huxley followed this book with a reassessment in essay form, Brave New World Revisited (1958), and with his terminal novel, Island (1962), the utopian counterpart. The novel is often compared to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-4 (published 1949).

In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Brave New World at number 5 on its list of the 100 best English language-language novels of the 20th century.^[2] In 2003, Robert McCrum, writing for The Observer, included Dauntless New World chronologically at number 53 in "the top 100 greatest novels of all time",^[3] and the novel was listed at number 87 on The Big Read survey by the BBC.^[four] Despite this, Dauntless New Globe has frequently been banned and challenged since its original publication. It has landed on the American Library Clan list of top 100 banned and challenged books of the decade since the association began the list in 1990.^{[5] [6] [7]}

Title [edit]

The title Dauntless New Earth derives from Miranda's speech in William Shakespeare's The Storm, Act V, Scene I:^[8]

O wonder!
How many goodly creatures are in that location here!
How beauteous mankind is! O dauntless new world,
That has such people in't.

—William Shakespeare, The Tempest, Act V, Scene I, ll. 203–206^[9]

Shakespeare'southward utilize of the phrase is intended ironically, as the speaker is failing to recognise the evil nature of the isle'southward visitors because of her innocence.^[10] Indeed, the next speaker replies to Miranda's innocent observation with the statement "They are new to thee..."

Translations of the title often allude to similar expressions used in domestic works of literature: the French edition of the work is entitled Le Meilleur des mondes (The All-time of All Worlds), an allusion to an expression used by the philosopher Gottfried Leibniz^[eleven] and satirised in Candide, Ou l'Optimisme by Voltaire (1759). The first Chinese translation, done by novelist Lily Hsueh and Aaron Jen-wang Hsueh in 1974, is entitled Meili xin shijie (Beautiful New World).

History [edit]

Huxley wrote Brave New Globe whilst living in Sanary-sur-Mer, France, in the four months from May to August 1931.^{[12] [13] [fourteen]} By this fourth dimension, Huxley had already established himself as a writer and social satirist. He was a contributor to Vanity Fair and Vogue magazines, and had published a collection of his poetry (The Burning Wheel, 1916) and four successful satirical novels: Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Arid Leaves (1925), and Indicate Counter Point (1928). Brave New World was Huxley's 5th novel and commencement dystopian work.

A passage in Crome Yellow contains a cursory pre-figuring of Brave New World, showing that Huxley had such a future in mind already in 1921. Mr. Scogan, one of the earlier book'south characters, describes an "impersonal generation" of the futurity that will "take the place of Nature's hideous system. In vast state incubators, rows upon rows of gravid bottles will supply the globe with the population it requires. The family organization volition disappear; society, sapped at its very base of operations, will have to find new foundations; and Eros, beautifully and irresponsibly free, will flit like a gay butterfly from flower to flower through a sunlit world."

Huxley said that Brave New Globe was inspired past the utopian novels of H. Thou. Wells, including A Modern Utopia (1905), and Men Similar Gods (1923).^[15] Wells'southward hopeful vision of the future'south possibilities gave Huxley the idea to begin writing a parody of the novels, which became Brave New World. He wrote in a letter to Mrs. Arthur Goldsmith, an American acquaintance, that he had "been having a little fun pulling the leg of H. G. Wells", but then he "got defenseless upwardly in the excitement of [his] own ideas."^[16] Dissimilar the most popular optimistic utopian novels of the time, Huxley sought to provide a frightening vision of the future. Huxley referred to Brave New World equally a "negative utopia", somewhat influenced past Wells's ain The Sleeper Awakes (dealing with subjects like corporate tyranny and behavioural conditioning) and the works of D. H. Lawrence.^[17] For his part Wells published, two years after Brave New World, his own Utopian Shape of Things to Come. Seeking to abnegate the argument of Huxely'due south Mustafa Mond - that moronic underclasses were a necessary "social gyroscope" and that a society composed solely of intelligent, assertive "Alphas" would inevitably disintegrate is internecine struggle - Wells depicted a stable egalitarian club emerging after several generations of a reforming aristocracy having consummate control of education throughout the world. In the future depicted in Wells' book, posterity remembers Huxley as "a reactionary writer".^[18]

The scientific futurism in Dauntless New World is believed to be appropriated from Daedalus ^[nineteen] by J. B. S. Haldane.^[20]

The events of the Depression in the United kingdom in 1931, with its mass unemployment and the abandonment of the gilded currency standard, persuaded Huxley to assert that stability was the "primal and ultimate need" if civilisation was to survive the present crunch.^[21] The Brave New World character Mustapha Mond, Resident Globe Controller of Western Europe, is named subsequently Sir Alfred Mond. Shortly before writing the novel, Huxley visited Mond's technologically avant-garde plant about Billingham, north east England, and it made a neat impression on him.^{[21] : xxii}

Huxley used the setting and characters in his science fiction novel to express widely felt anxieties, particularly the fear of losing individual identity in the fast-paced world of the time to come. An early trip to the United States gave Brave New World much of its graphic symbol. Huxley was outraged by the culture of youth, commercial cheeriness, and sexual promiscuity, and the inward-looking nature of many Americans;^[22] he had besides found the book My Life and Work by Henry Ford on the boat to America, and he saw the book'south principles applied in everything he encountered subsequently leaving San Francisco.^{[21] : eight}

Plot [edit]

The novel opens in the World State city of London in AF (Later on Ford) 632 (AD 2540 in the Gregorian calendar), where citizens are engineered through artificial wombs and childhood indoctrination programmes into predetermined classes (or castes) based on intelligence and labour. Lenina Crowne, a hatchery worker, is popular and sexually desirable, but Bernard Marx, a psychologist, is not. He is shorter in stature than the boilerplate member of his loftier caste, which gives him an inferiority complex. His piece of work with slumber-learning allows him to sympathise, and disapprove of, his society'south methods of keeping its citizens peaceful, which includes their constant consumption of a soothing, happiness-producing drug called Soma. Courting disaster, Bernard is vocal and arrogant about his criticisms, and his boss contemplates exiling him to Republic of iceland because of his nonconformity. His but friend is Helmholtz Watson, a gifted writer who finds it difficult to utilize his talents creatively in their pain-free society.

Bernard takes a holiday with Lenina exterior the World State to a Fell Reservation in New Mexico, in which the two notice natural-born people, illness, the ageing process, other languages, and religious lifestyles for the first time. The culture of the hamlet folk resembles the contemporary Native American groups of the region, descendants of the Anasazi, including the Puebloan peoples of Hopi and Zuni.^[23] Bernard and Lenina witness a tearing public ritual and and then encounter Linda, a adult female originally from the World Country who is living on the reservation with her son John, at present a swain. She, too, visited the reservation on a holiday many years agone, simply became separated from her group and was left behind. She had meanwhile get pregnant past a young man-holidaymaker (who is revealed to be Bernard'due south boss, the Manager of Hatcheries and Conditioning). She did not try to return to the World State, because of her shame at her pregnancy. Despite spending his whole life in the reservation, John has never been accepted by the villagers, and his and Linda's lives have been hard and unpleasant. Linda has taught John to read, although from the simply book in her possession—a scientific transmission and another volume John found: the complete works of Shakespeare. Ostracised by the villagers, John is able to articulate his feelings simply in terms of Shakespearean drama, quoting oftentimes from The Tempest, King Lear, Othello, Romeo and Juliet and Village. Linda now wants to return to London, and John, too, wants to see this "brave new globe". Bernard sees an opportunity to thwart plans to exile him, and gets permission to take Linda and John back. On their return to London, John meets the Managing director and calls him his "father", a vulgarity which causes a roar of laughter. The humiliated Managing director resigns in shame earlier he can follow through with exiling Bernard.

Bernard, every bit "custodian" of the "savage" John who is at present treated as a celebrity, is fawned on by the highest members of society and revels in attending he once scorned. Bernard's popularity is fleeting, though, and he becomes envious that John only really bonds with the literary-minded Helmholtz. Considered hideous and friendless, Linda spends all her fourth dimension using soma, while John refuses to attend social events organised by Bernard, appalled by what he perceives to be an empty society. Lenina and John are physically attracted to each other, but John's view of courtship and romance, based on Shakespeare's writings, is utterly incompatible with Lenina's freewheeling mental attitude to sexual practice. She tries to seduce him, but he attacks her, earlier suddenly being informed that his mother is on her deathbed. He rushes to Linda'due south bedside, causing a scandal, as this is not the "right" mental attitude to decease. Some children who enter the ward for "death-conditioning" come across as disrespectful to John until he attacks ane physically. He then tries to interruption up a distribution of soma to a lower-degree grouping, telling them that he is freeing them. Helmholtz and Bernard rush in to stop the ensuing riot, which the police quell past spraying soma vapor into the crowd.

Bernard, Helmholtz, and John are all brought before Mustapha Mond, the "Resident World Controller for Western Europe", who tells Bernard and Helmholtz that they are to be exiled to islands for antisocial activity. Bernard pleads for a second run a risk, but Helmholtz welcomes the opportunity to exist a true individual, and chooses the Falkland Islands as his destination, believing that their bad weather condition volition inspire his writing. Mond tells Helmholtz that exile is actually a reward. The islands are total of the about interesting people in the earth, individuals who did not fit into the social model of the World State. Mond outlines for John the events that led to the nowadays gild and his arguments for a caste system and social control. John rejects Mond'southward arguments, and Mond sums up John'southward views by claiming that John demands "the right to be unhappy". John asks if he may go to the islands as well, merely Mond refuses, saying he wishes to see what happens to John next.

Jaded with his new life, John moves to an abased hilltop lighthouse, well-nigh the hamlet of Puttenham, where he intends to adopt a solitary ascetic lifestyle in order to purify himself of civilization, practising self-flagellation. This draws reporters and eventually hundreds of amazed sightseers, hoping to witness his baroque behaviour.

For a while information technology seems that John might exist left alone, later on the public's attention is drawn to other diversions, simply a documentary maker has secretly filmed John's cocky-flagellation from a altitude, and when released the documentary causes an international sensation. Helicopters arrive with more journalists. Crowds of people descend on John'southward retreat, enervating that he perform his whipping ritual for them. From one helicopter a young woman emerges who is implied to be Lenina. John, at the sight of a woman he both adores and loathes, whips at her in a fury and then turns the whip on himself, exciting the oversupply, whose wild behaviour transforms into a soma-fuelled orgy. The next forenoon John awakes on the ground and is consumed by remorse over his participation in the night's events.

That evening, a swarm of helicopters appears on the horizon, the story of last night'south orgy having been in all the papers. The first onlookers and reporters to arrive find that John is dead. John, although madly in love with Lenina, was non able to acquit her promiscuity, and, being constantly disturbed by visitors, he had hanged himself.

Characters [edit]

Bernard Marx, a sleep-learning specialist at the Fundamental London Hatchery and Conditioning Eye. Although Bernard is an Blastoff-Plus (the upper class of the gild), he is a misfit. He is unusually curt for an Alpha; an alleged accident with alcohol in Bernard's blood-surrogate before his decanting has left him slightly stunted. Bernard'southward independence of heed stems more from his inferiority complex and depressive nature than from whatever depth of philosophical conviction. Unlike his fellow utopians, Bernard is often aroused, resentful, and jealous. At times, he is also cowardly and hypocritical. His conditioning is clearly incomplete. He doesn't enjoy communal sports, solidarity services, or promiscuous sex activity. He doesn't even get much joy out of soma. Bernard is in love with Lenina simply he doesn't similar her sleeping with other men, even though "everyone belongs to everyone else". Bernard's triumphant return to utopian culture with John the Savage from the Reservation precipitates the downfall of the Director, who had been planning to exile him. Bernard'due south triumph is curt-lived; he is ultimately banished to an island for his non-conformist behaviour.

John, the illicit son of the Managing director and Linda, born and reared on the Cruel Reservation ("Malpais") after Linda was unwittingly left behind by her errant lover. John ("the Savage" or "Mr. Roughshod", as he is often called) is an outsider both on the Reservation—where the natives still practice matrimony, natural birth, family life and religion—and the ostensibly civilised World Country, based on principles of stability and happiness. He has read nothing but the complete works of William Shakespeare, which he quotes extensively, and, for the most part, aptly, though his innuendo to the "Dauntless New World" (Miranda's words in The Tempest) takes on a darker and bitterly ironic resonance as the novel unfolds. John is intensely moral according to a code that he has been taught by Shakespeare and life in Malpais but is besides naïve: his views are as imported into his own consciousness as are the hypnopedic messages of World State citizens. The admonishments of the men of Malpais taught him to regard his mother equally a whore; but he cannot grasp that these were the same men who continually sought her out despite their supposedly sacred pledges of monogamy. Because he is unwanted in Malpais, he accepts the invitation to travel back to London and is initially astonished by the comforts of the World State. Nonetheless, he remains committed to values that exist just in his poetry. He outset spurns Lenina for failing to live upward to his Shakespearean ideal then the entire utopian order: he asserts that its technological wonders and consumerism are poor substitutes for individual freedom, human being dignity and personal integrity. After his mother'southward expiry, he becomes deeply distressed with grief, surprising onlookers in the hospital. He and so withdraws himself from society and attempts to purify himself of "sin" (desire), but is unable to do and then. He finds himself gathering a lot of problem for both his torso and mind. He before long does not realize what is real or what is fake, what he does and what he does non practise. Soon everything he thinks most or feels just becomes blurred and unrecognizable. Finally he hangs himself in despair.

Helmholtz Watson, a handsome and successful Alpha-Plus lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering and a friend of Bernard. He feels unfulfilled writing endless propaganda doggerel, and the stifling conformism and philistinism of the Globe Land make him restive. Helmholtz is ultimately exiled to the Falkland Islands—a cold asylum for disaffected Blastoff-Plus non-conformists—after reading a heretical poem to his students on the virtues of solitude and helping John destroy some Deltas' rations of soma post-obit Linda'south death. Unlike Bernard, he takes his exile in his stride and comes to view it as an opportunity for inspiration in his writing.

Lenina Crowne, a young, beautiful fetus technician at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. She is office of the 30% of the female population that are not freemartins (sterile women). Lenina is promiscuous and pop just somewhat quirky in her social club: she had a four-month relation with Henry Foster, choosing not to have sex with anyone but him for a period of time. She is basically happy and well-conditioned, using soma to suppress unwelcome emotions, as is expected. Lenina has a date with Bernard, to whom she feels ambivalently attracted, and she goes to the Reservation with him. On returning to civilisation, she tries and fails to seduce John the Vicious. John loves and desires Lenina only he is repelled by her forwardness and the prospect of pre-marital sex, rejecting her every bit an "impudent strumpet". Lenina visits John at the lighthouse but he attacks her with a whip, unwittingly inciting onlookers to do the aforementioned. Her verbal fate is left unspecified.

Mustapha Mond, Resident Globe Controller of Western Europe, "His Fordship" Mustapha Mond presides over one of the ten zones of the World State, the global government prepare up after the cataclysmic Nine Years' State of war and great Economic Collapse. Sophisticated and good-natured, Mond is an urbane and hyperintelligent advocate of the Earth State and its ethos of "Community, Identity, Stability". Among the novel's characters, he is uniquely enlightened of the precise nature of the society he oversees and what it has given upwardly to accomplish its gains. Mond argues that art, literature, and scientific freedom must be sacrificed to secure the ultimate utilitarian goal of maximising societal happiness. He defends the caste organisation, behavioural conditioning, and the lack of personal freedom in the World State: these, he says, are a cost worth paying for achieving social stability, the highest social virtue because it leads to lasting happiness.

Fanny Crowne, Lenina Crowne'due south friend (they have the same final name because simply x k last names are in use in a World State comprising two billion people). Fanny voices the conventional values of her caste and society, particularly the importance of promiscuity: she advises Lenina that she should have more than one man in her life considering information technology is unseemly to concentrate on just 1. Fanny then, however, warns Lenina away from a new lover whom she considers undeserving, yet she is ultimately supportive of the immature woman's attraction to the fell John.

Henry Foster, one of Lenina's many lovers, he is a perfectly conventional Blastoff male, casually discussing Lenina'due south body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his casual mental attitude near it, infuriate the jealous Bernard. Henry ultimately proves himself every bit the ideal World State citizen, finding no courage to defend Lenina from John'south assaults despite having maintained an uncommonly longstanding sexual human relationship with her.

Benito Hoover, some other of Lenina's lovers. She remembers that he is particularly hairy when he takes his dress off.

The Director of Hatcheries and Conditioning (DHC), as well known as Thomas "Tomakin" Grahambell, he is the administrator of the Cardinal London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre, where he is a threatening figure who intends to exile Bernard to Iceland. His plans take an unexpected turn, still, when Bernard returns from the Reservation with Linda (see below) and John, a child they both realize is really his. This fact, scandalous and obscene in the World Land, not because it was extramarital (which all sexual acts are), but because it was procreative, leads the Manager to resign his mail in shame.

Linda , John'south mother, decanted as a Beta-Minus in the Earth State, originally worked in the DHC's Fertilizing Room, and after lost during a storm while visiting the New Mexico Cruel Reservation with the Manager many years earlier the events of the novel. Despite following her usual precautions, Linda became pregnant with the Director'south son during their time together and was therefore unable to render to the Globe State by the time that she found her way to Malpais. Having been conditioned to the promiscuous social norms of the World State, Linda finds herself at one time popular with every man in the pueblo (considering she is open up to all sexual advances) and also reviled for the same reason, seen as a whore by the wives of the men who visit her and by the men themselves (who come to her nonetheless). Her only comforts there are mescal brought by Popé as well every bit peyotl. Linda is desperate to return to the Earth State and to soma, wanting nothing more than from her remaining life than condolement until decease.

The Arch-Community-Songster, the secular equivalent of the Archbishop of Canterbury in the World Land guild. He takes personal criminal offense when John refuses to attend Bernard'southward party.

The Director of Crematoria and Phosphorus Reclamation, one of the many disappointed, important figures to attend Bernard's party.

The Warden, an Alpha-Minus, the talkative chief administrator for the New Mexico Savage Reservation. He is blond, brusque, broad-shouldered, and has a booming voice.^[24]

Darwin Bonaparte, a "big game photographer" (i.due east. filmmaker) who films John flogging himself. Darwin Bonaparte became known for two works: "feely of the gorillas' wedding",^[25] and "Sperm Whale's Love-life".^[25] He had already made a name for himself^[26] simply withal seeks more. He renews his fame by filming the fell, John, in his newest release "The Savage of Surrey".^[27] His name alludes to Charles Darwin and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Dr. Shaw, Bernard Marx's physician who consequently becomes the physician of both Linda and John. He prescribes a lethal dose of soma to Linda, which will cease her respiratory system from functioning in a span of one to two months, at her ain behest merely not without protest from John. Ultimately, they all concur that it is for the all-time, since denying her this request would cause more trouble for Society and Linda herself.

Dr. Gaffney, Provost of Eton, an Upper School for high-caste individuals. He shows Bernard and John around the classrooms, and the Hypnopaedic Control Room (used for behavioural conditioning through sleep learning). John asks if the students read Shakespeare but the Provost says the library contains only reference books considering solitary activities, such as reading, are discouraged.

Miss Keate, Head Mistress of Eton Upper School. Bernard fancies her, and arranges an assignation with her.^[28]

Others [edit]

• Freemartins, women who have been deliberately made sterile past exposure to male hormones during fetal development but still physically normal except for "the slightest tendency to grow beards." In the volume, government policy requires freemartins to form seventy% of the female population.

Of Malpais [edit]

• Popé, a native of Malpais. Although he reinforces the behaviour that causes hatred for Linda in Malpais by sleeping with her and bringing her mescal, he notwithstanding holds the traditional beliefs of his tribe. In his early years John attempted to kill him, simply Popé brushed off his attempt and sent him fleeing. He gave Linda a copy of the Complete Works of Shakespeare. (Historically, Popé or Po'pay was a Tewa religious leader who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680 against Castilian colonial rule.)
• Mitsima, an elder tribal shaman who also teaches John survival skills such as rudimentary ceramics (specifically coil pots, which were traditional to Native American tribes) and bow-making.
• Kiakimé, a native girl who John fell for, but is instead eventually midweek to another boy from Malpais.
• Kothlu, a native boy with whom Kiakimé is midweek.

Groundwork figures [edit]

These are non-fictional and factual characters who lived before the events in this book, but are of note in the novel:

• Henry Ford, who has become a messianic figure to the World State. "Our Ford" is used in place of "Our Lord", as a credit to popularising the apply of the assembly line.
• Sigmund Freud, "Our Freud" is sometimes said in place of "Our Ford" because Freud'due south psychoanalytic method depends implicitly upon the rules of classical conditioning,^{[ citation needed ]} and because Freud popularised the idea that sexual activity is essential to human happiness. (It is also strongly implied that citizens of the World State believe Freud and Ford to be the aforementioned person.)^[29]
• H. Chiliad. Wells, "Dr. Wells", British writer and utopian socialist, whose book Men Like Gods was a motivation for Brave New Earth. "All's well that ends Wells", wrote Huxley in his letters, criticising Wells for anthropological assumptions Huxley constitute unrealistic.
• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, whose conditioning techniques are used to railroad train infants.
• William Shakespeare, whose banned works are quoted throughout the novel by John, "the Savage". The plays quoted include Macbeth, The Tempest, Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear, Troilus and Cressida, Measure for Measure and Othello. Mustapha Mond as well knows them because as a Globe Controller he has access to a selection of books from throughout history, including the Bible.
• Thomas Robert Malthus, 19th century British economist, believed the people of the Earth would somewhen be threatened past their inability to enhance plenty nutrient to feed the population. In the novel, the eponymous grapheme devises the contraceptive techniques (Malthusian belt) that are practiced by women of the World Country.
• Reuben Rabinovitch, the Polish-Jew character on whom the furnishings of sleep-learning, hypnopædia, are commencement observed.
• John Henry Newman, 19th century Catholic theologian and educator, believed university education the critical element in advancing post-industrial Western civilisation. Mustapha Mond and The Savage discuss a passage from one of Newman's books.
• Alfred Mond, British industrialist, financier and politico. He is the namesake of Mustapha Mond.^[thirty]
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder and first President of Commonwealth of Turkey. Naming Mond after Atatürk links upwards with their characteristics, he reigned during the time Brave New Earth was written and revolutionised the 'old' Ottoman state into a new nation.^[30]

Sources of names and references [edit]

The limited number of names that the World State assigned to its bottle-grown citizens can be traced to political and cultural figures who contributed to the bureaucratic, economical, and technological systems of Huxley's age, and presumably those systems in Brave New World.^[31]

• Soma: Huxley took the name for the drug used by the country to control the population after the Vedic ritual drink Soma, inspired by his involvement in Indian mysticism.
• Malthusian belt: A contraceptive device worn by women. When Huxley was writing Brave New Globe, organizations such as the Malthusian League had spread throughout Europe, advocating contraception. Although the controversial economic theory of Malthusianism was derived from an essay by Thomas Malthus about the economical furnishings of population growth, Malthus himself was an advocate of abstinence rather than contraception.

Critical reception [edit]

Upon publication, Rebecca West praised Brave New Earth as "The most achieved novel Huxley has yet written",^[32] Joseph Needham lauded it as "Mr. Huxley's remarkable book",^[33] and Bertrand Russell likewise praised it, stating, "Mr. Aldous Huxley has shown his usual masterly skill in Dauntless New Earth."^[34]

However, Dauntless New Earth also received negative responses from other contemporary critics, although his work was subsequently embraced.^[35]

In an article in the iv May 1935 issue of the Illustrated London News, G. K. Chesterton explained that Huxley was revolting against the "Historic period of Utopias". Much of the discourse on human's future before 1914 was based on the thesis that humanity would solve all economic and social issues. In the decade following the war the soapbox shifted to an exam of the causes of the catastrophe. The works of H. Yard. Wells and George Bernard Shaw on the promises of socialism and a Globe State were and then viewed as the ideas of naive optimists. Chesterton wrote:

After the Age of Utopias came what nosotros may call the American Historic period, lasting as long equally the Boom. Men like Ford or Mond seemed to many to have solved the social riddle and made capitalism the mutual good. But information technology was not native to united states of america; information technology went with a buoyant, not to say blatant optimism, which is not our negligent or negative optimism. Much more than Victorian righteousness, or even Victorian self-righteousness, that optimism has driven people into pessimism. For the Slump brought even more disillusionment than the State of war. A new bitterness, and a new bewilderment, ran through all social life, and was reflected in all literature and fine art. It was contemptuous, not simply of the erstwhile Capitalism, simply of the old Socialism. Dauntless New World is more of a revolution confronting Utopia than against Victoria.^[36]

Similarly, in 1944 economist Ludwig von Mises described Dauntless New Earth as a satire of utopian predictions of socialism: "Aldous Huxley was even courageous enough to make socialism's dreamed paradise the target of his sardonic irony."^[37]

Fordism and society [edit]

The Earth State is built upon the principles of Henry Ford'southward assembly line: mass product, homogeneity, predictability, and consumption of disposable consumer goods. While the World Land lacks whatever supernatural-based religions, Ford himself is revered as the creator of their gild just non as a deity, and characters celebrate Ford Mean solar day and swear oaths past his proper name (due east.thou., "Past Ford!"). In this sense, some fragments of traditional religion are nowadays, such equally Christian crosses, which had their tops cut off to be inverse to a "T", representing the Ford Model T. In England, at that place is an Arch-Community-Songster of Canterbury, manifestly continuing the Archbishop of Canterbury, and in America The Christian Science Monitor continues publication as The Fordian Scientific discipline Monitor. The World State agenda numbers years in the "AF" era—"Anno Ford"—with the calendar beginning in AD 1908, the year in which Ford's first Model T rolled off his assembly line. The novel'southward Gregorian agenda year is Advertisement 2540, simply it is referred to in the book as AF 632.^{[ commendation needed ]}

From birth, members of every class are indoctrinated by recorded voices repeating slogans while they sleep (called "hypnopædia" in the book) to believe their own grade is superior, only that the other classes perform needed functions. Any residual unhappiness is resolved by an antidepressant and hallucinogenic drug chosen soma.

The biological techniques used to control the populace in Dauntless New Earth do not include genetic technology; Huxley wrote the book before the construction of Dna was known. However, Gregor Mendel's work with inheritance patterns in peas had been rediscovered in 1900 and the eugenics movement, based on artificial choice, was well established. Huxley's family included a number of prominent biologists including Thomas Huxley, one-half-brother and Nobel Laureate Andrew Huxley, and his brother Julian Huxley who was a biologist and involved in the eugenics movement. Notwithstanding, Huxley emphasises conditioning over convenance (nurture versus nature); human embryos and fetuses are conditioned through a carefully designed regimen of chemic (such as exposure to hormones and toxins), thermal (exposure to intense heat or cold, as ane's hereafter career would dictate), and other environmental stimuli, although there is an element of selective breeding also.

Comparisons with George Orwell's Xix Eighty-Four [edit]

In a alphabetic character to George Orwell about Nineteen Eighty-Four, Huxley wrote "Whether in actual fact the policy of the boot-on-the-face tin proceed indefinitely seems doubtful. My own belief is that the ruling oligarchy will find less backbreaking and wasteful ways of governing and of satisfying its animalism for power, and these ways will resemble those which I described in Brave New Globe."^[38] He went on to write "Within the next generation I believe that the world's rulers volition notice that infant conditioning and narco-hypnosis are more efficient, as instruments of government, than clubs and prisons, and that the lust for ability can exist simply as completely satisfied past suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging and kicking them into obedience."^[38]

Social critic Neil Postman contrasted the worlds of Nineteen 80-Four and Brave New World in the foreword of his 1985 book Agreeable Ourselves to Death. He writes:

What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that in that location would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive united states of information. Huxley feared those who would give united states of america then much that we would be reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would exist drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would get a captive culture. Huxley feared we would go a piffling culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumblepuppy. As Huxley remarked in Brave New Globe Revisited, the civil libertarians and rationalists who are ever on the alert to oppose tyranny "failed to take into business relationship human's near infinite appetite for distractions." In 1984, Huxley added, people are controlled by inflicting hurting. In Brave New Globe, they are controlled by inflicting pleasure. In short, Orwell feared that what we hate will ruin united states. Huxley feared that what nosotros love volition ruin united states.

Journalist Christopher Hitchens, who himself published several articles on Huxley and a book on Orwell, noted the difference between the two texts in the introduction to his 1999 article "Why Americans Are Not Taught History":

We dwell in a nowadays-tense culture that somehow, significantly, decided to employ the telling expression "You're history" as a choice reprobation or insult, and thus elected to speak forgotten volumes about itself. By that standard, the forbidding dystopia of George Orwell'southward Xix Eighty-4 already belongs, both as a text and as a engagement, with Ur and Mycenae, while the hedonist nihilism of Huxley even so beckons toward a painless, entertainment-sodden, and stress-free consensus. Orwell'south was a house of horrors. He seemed to strain credulity because he posited a regime that would go to any lengths to own and possess history, to rewrite and construct it, and to inculcate it by means of coercion. Whereas Huxley ... rightly foresaw that whatsoever such regime could suspension because it could not curve. In 1988, four years subsequently 1984, the Soviet Union scrapped its official history curriculum and announced that a newly authorized version was somewhere in the works. This was the precise moment when the regime conceded its own extinction. For true blissed-out and vacant servitude, though, you lot need an otherwise sophisticated guild where no serious history is taught.^[39]

Brave New World Revisited [edit]

In 1946, Huxley wrote in the foreword of the new edition of Brave New World:

If I were at present to rewrite the volume, I would offer the Vicious a 3rd alternative. Between the Utopian and primitive horns of his dilemma would lie the possibility of sanity... In this customs economics would exist decentralist and Henry-Georgian, politics Kropotkinesque and co-operative. Science and engineering would be used as though, like the Sabbath, they had been made for human being, not (as at present and all the same more than so in the Dauntless New World) equally though human being were to be adapted and enslaved to them. Faith would be the conscious and intelligent pursuit of human being's Terminal Stop, the unitive knowledge of immanent Tao or Logos, the transcendent Godhead or Brahman. And the prevailing philosophy of life would be a kind of Higher Utilitarianism, in which the Greatest Happiness principle would be secondary to the Final End principle—the first question to be asked and answered in every contingency of life being: "How will this idea or action contribute to, or interfere with, the accomplishment, by me and the greatest possible number of other individuals, of man's Terminal End?"^[40]

Brave New Globe Revisited (Harper & Brothers, US, 1958; Chatto & Windus, United kingdom, 1959),^[41] written by Huxley almost thirty years after Brave New World, is a non-fiction piece of work in which Huxley considered whether the world had moved toward or away from his vision of the future from the 1930s. He believed when he wrote the original novel that it was a reasonable guess as to where the globe might go in the futurity. In Brave New Globe Revisited, he concluded that the world was becoming like Brave New World much faster than he originally idea.

Huxley analysed the causes of this, such as overpopulation, as well as all the means by which populations can be controlled. He was particularly interested in the furnishings of drugs and subliminal suggestion. Brave New Globe Revisited is unlike in tone because of Huxley's evolving thought, every bit well as his conversion to Hindu Vedanta in the interim between the ii books.

The last chapter of the book aims to propose action which could be taken to prevent a democracy from turning into the totalitarian world described in Brave New World. In Huxley'southward last novel, Isle, he once more expounds like ideas to describe a utopian nation, which is by and large viewed equally a counterpart to Dauntless New World.^{[ citation needed ]}

Censorship [edit]

Co-ordinate to American Library Association, Brave New World has oftentimes been banned and challenged in the U.s. due to insensitivity, offensive linguistic communication, nudity, racism, conflict with a religious viewpoint, and existence sexually explicit.^[42] It landed on the list of the top ten most challenged books in 2010 (3) and 2011 (seven).^[42] The book too secured a spot on the clan'due south list of the top one hundred challenged books for 1990-1999 (54),^[5] 2000-2009 (36),^[six] and 2010-2019 (26).^[7]

The following include specific instances of when the book has been censored, banned, or challenged:

• In 1932, the book was banned in Ireland for its linguistic communication, and for supposedly existence anti-family and anti-religion.^{[43] [44]}
• In 1965, a Maryland English teacher alleged that he was fired for assigning Brave New World to students. The instructor sued for violation of First Amendment rights but lost both his case and the entreatment.^[45]
• The volume was banned in India in 1967, with Huxley accused of being a "pornographer".^[46]
• In 1980, information technology was removed from classrooms in Miller, Missouri amongst other challenges.^[47]
• The version of Brave New World Revisited published in Mainland china lacks explicit mentions of Prc itself.^[48]

Influences and allegations of plagiarism [edit]

The English writer Rose Macaulay published What Not: A Prophetic Comedy in 1918. What Not depicts a dystopian future where people are ranked by intelligence, the government mandates mind grooming for all citizens, and procreation is regulated by the land.^[49] Macaulay and Huxley shared the same literary circles and he attended her weekly literary salons.

George Orwell believed that Dauntless New World must have been partly derived from the 1921 novel We by Russian author Yevgeny Zamyatin.^[50] Notwithstanding, in a 1962 alphabetic character to Christopher Collins, Huxley says that he wrote Brave New Earth long before he had heard of We.^[51] According to Nosotros translator Natasha Randall, Orwell believed that Huxley was lying.^[52] Kurt Vonnegut said that in writing Thespian Piano (1952), he "cheerfully ripped off the plot of Dauntless New Globe, whose plot had been cheerfully ripped off from Yevgeny Zamyatin'due south We".^[53]

In 1982, Polish author Antoni Smuszkiewicz, in his analysis of Polish science-fiction Zaczarowana gra ("The Magic Game"), presented accusations of plagiarism against Huxley. Smuszkiewicz showed similarities between Dauntless New Globe and two science fiction novels written earlier by Polish author Mieczysław Smolarski, namely Miasto światłości ("The City of Light", 1924) and Podróż poślubna pana Hamiltona ("Mr Hamilton'southward Honeymoon Trip", 1928).^[54] Smuszkiewicz wrote in his open alphabetic character to Huxley: "This piece of work of a smashing author, both in the general depiction of the globe every bit well as countless details, is so like to 2 of my novels that in my opinion there is no possibility of accidental analogy."^[55]

Kate Lohnes, writing for Encyclopædia Britannica, notes similarities between Brave New Earth and other novels of the era could be seen equally expressing "common fears surrounding the rapid advancement of engineering science and of the shared feelings of many tech-skeptics during the early 20th century". Other dystopian novels followed Huxley'south work, including Orwell'southward Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949).^[56]

Legacy [edit]

In 1999, the Modern Library ranked Dauntless New Globe fifth on its list of the 100 best English language-language novels of the 20th century.^[2] In 2003, Robert McCrum writing for The Observer included Brave New World chronologically at number 53 in "the top 100 greatest novels of all time",^[3] and the novel was listed at number 87 on the BBC'southward survey The Big Read.^[4]

On 5 Nov 2019, the BBC News listed Brave New World on its list of the 100 about influential novels.^[57]

Adaptations [edit]

Theatre [edit]

• Brave New World (opened iv September 2015) in co-production by Royal & Derngate, Northampton and Touring Consortium Theatre Company which toured the Uk. The adaptation was by Dawn King, composed by These New Puritans and directed by James Dacre.

Radio [edit]

• Brave New World (radio circulate) CBS Radio Workshop (27 January and three February 1956): music composed and conducted by Bernard Herrmann. Adapted for radio by William Froug. Introduced past William Conrad and narrated by Aldous Huxley. Featuring the voices of Joseph Kearns, Pecker Idelson, Gloria Henry, Charlotte Lawrence,^[58] Byron Kane, Sam Edwards, Jack Kruschen, Vic Perrin, Lurene Tuttle, Herb Butterfield, Paul Hebert, Doris Singleton.^[59]
• Brave New Earth (radio circulate) BBC Radio4 (May 2013)
• Dauntless New World (radio broadcast) BBC Radio4 (22, 29 May 2016)

Moving picture [edit]

• Brave New World (1980), a television film directed past Burt Brinckerhoff
• Dauntless New Globe (1998), a television picture show directed past Leslie Libman and Larry Williams
• In 2009 a theatrical film was appear to be in development, with collaboration between Ridley Scott and Leonardo DiCaprio.^[60] Past May 2013 the project was placed on concord.^[61]

Boob tube [edit]

In May 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Steven Spielberg's Amblin Idiot box would bring Dauntless New World to Syfy network as a scripted series, adapted by Les Bohem.^[62] The adaptation was eventually written by David Wiener with Grant Morrison and Brian Taylor, with the serial ordered to air on USA Network in Feb 2019.^[63] The series eventually moved to the Peacock streaming service and premiered on 15 July 2020.^[64] In October 2020, the series was canceled afterwards one flavour.^[65]

See also [edit]

• The Abolitionism of Man
• Alpha (ethology)
• Anti-nationalism
• Anti-theism
• Anthem
• Artificial uterus
• Brain–computer interface
• Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
• The Glass Fortress (2016 film)

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ "Brave New Earth Book Details". fAR BookFinder . Retrieved 28 November 2016.
2. ^ ^{a b} "100 Best Novels". Random House. 1999. Retrieved 23 June 2007. This ranking was by the Modern Library Editorial Board of authors.
3. ^ ^{a b} McCrum, Robert (12 October 2003). "100 greatest novels of all fourth dimension". Guardian. London. Retrieved x October 2012.
4. ^ ^{a b} "BBC – The Big Read". BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 26 October 2012
5. ^ ^{a b} Office of Intellectual Freedom (26 March 2013). "100 virtually often challenged books: 1990-1999". American Library Clan. Archived from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
6. ^ ^{a b} Office of Intellectual Liberty (26 March 2013). "Top 100 Banned/Challenged Books: 2000-2009". American Library Clan. Archived from the original on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
7. ^ ^{a b} Office of Intellectual Freedom (nine September 2020). "Top 100 Near Banned and Challenged Books: 2010-2019". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
8. ^ Betimes. "Dauntless New World". In Our Time. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
9. ^ Bate, Jonathan; Rasmussen, Eric (2007). William Shakespeare: Complete Works. The Imperial Shakespeare Visitor. Primary Acquaintance Editor: Héloïse Sénéchal. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. p. 47. ISBN978-0-230-00350-vii.
10. ^ Ira Grushow (Oct 1962). "Brave New World and The Tempest". College English. 24 (i): 42–45. doi:x.2307/373846. JSTOR 373846.
11. ^ Martine de Gaudemar (1995). La Notion de nature chez Leibniz: colloque. Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 77. ISBN978-iii-515-06631-0.
12. ^ Meckier, Jerome (1979). "A Neglected Huxley "Preface": His Primeval Synopsis of Brave New Earth". Twentieth Century Literature. 25 (1): 1–20. doi:10.2307/441397. ISSN 0041-462X. JSTOR 441397.
13. ^ Murray, Nicholas (13 December 2003). "Nicholas Murray on his life of Huxley". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
14. ^ "A. Huxley in Sanary 1 - Introduction". www.sanary.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
15. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1969). "letter to Mrs. Kethevan Roberts, eighteen May 1931". In Smith, Grover (ed.). Letters of Aldous Huxley. New York and Evanston: Harper & Row. p. 348. I am writing a novel virtually the future – on the horror of the Wellsian Utopia and a revolt against it. Very difficult. I have inappreciably enough imagination to deal with such a subject. Just it is none the less interesting work.
16. ^ Heje, Johan (2002). "Aldous Huxley". In Harris-Fain, Darren (ed.). British Fantasy and Scientific discipline-Fiction Writers, 1918–1960. Detroit: Gale Group. p. 100. ISBN0-7876-5249-0.
17. ^ Lawrence biographer Frances Wilson writes that "the entire novel is saturated in Lawrence" and cites "Lawrence'southward New United mexican states" in item. Wilson, Frances (2021). Burning Man: The Trials of D.H. Lawrence, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pp. 404-405.
18. ^ Nathaniel Ward "The visions of Wells, Huxley and Orwell - why was the Twentieth Century impressed by Distopias rather than Utopias?" in Ophelia Ruddle (ed.) Proceedings of the 2003 Almanac Multidisciplinary Round Table on Twentieth Century Culture"
19. ^ Haldane, J.B.South. (1924). Daedalus; or, Scientific discipline and the Future.
20. ^ Dyson, Freeman (1976). Agonizing the Universe. Basic Books. Chapter fifteen.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Bradshaw, David (2004). "Introduction". In Huxley, Aldous (ed.). Brave New Earth (Print ed.). London, UK: Vintage.
22. ^ Huxley, Aldous. Brave New World (Vintage Classics ed.). ^{[ page needed ]}
23. ^ Meckier, Jerome (2002). "Aldous Huxley's Americanization of the "Brave New Globe"" (PDF). Twentieth Century American Literature. 48 (4): 439. JSTOR 3176042. Retrieved thirty December 2021.
24. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 101. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
25. ^ ^{a b} Huxley, Aldous (1932). Dauntless New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 253. ISBN978-0-06-085052-four.
26. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New World. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 252. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
27. ^ Huxley, Aldous (1932). Brave New Globe. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 254. ISBN978-0-06-085052-4.
28. ^ Her proper noun is a in-joke reference to John Keate, the notorious 19th century flogging headmaster of Eton.
29. ^ chapter 3, "Our Ford-or Our Freud, as, for some inscrutable reason, he chose to call himself whenever he spoke of psychological matters–Our Freud had been the showtime to reveal the appalling dangers of family life"
30. ^ ^{a b} Naughton, John (22 November 2013). "Aldous Huxley: the prophet of our brave new digital dystopia | John Naughton". The Guardian . Retrieved seven October 2018.
31. ^ Meckier, Jerome (2006). "Onomastic Satire: Names and Naming in Brave New World". In Firchow, Peter Edgerly; Nugel, Bernfried (eds.). Aldous Huxley: modern satirical novelist of ideas. Lit Verlag. pp. 187ff. ISBNthree-8258-9668-4. OCLC 71165436. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
32. ^ The Daily Telegraph, 5 February 1932. Reprinted in Donald Watt, "Aldous Huxley: The Critical Heritage. London; Routledge, 2013 ISBN 1136209697 (pp. 197–201).
33. ^ Scrutiny, May 1932 . Reprinted in Watt, (pp. 202–205).
34. ^ The New Leader, 11 March 1932. Reprinted in Watt, (pp. 210–thirteen).
35. ^ Huxley, Aldous. Dauntless New Globe. Harper Perennial Modern Classics; Reprint edition (17 October 2006), P.S. Edition, ISBN 978-0-06-085052-four  — "About the Book." — "Too Far Ahead of Its Fourth dimension? The Contemporary Response to Brave New World (1932)" p. viii-11
36. ^ K.1000. Chesterton, review in The Illustrated London News, 4 May 1935
37. ^ Ludwig von Mises (1944). Bureaucracy, New Oasis, CT: Yale University Press, p 110
38. ^ ^{a b} "Letters of Note: 1984 v. Brave New World". 8 Feb 2020. Archived from the original on 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 Feb 2020.
39. ^ Christopher Hitchens, "Cheerio to All That: Why Americans Are Not Taught History." Harper's Magazine. November 1998, pp. 37–47.
40. ^ Huxley, Aldous (2005). Brave New Earth and Brave New World Revisited. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. p. 7. ISBN978-0060776091.
41. ^ "Brave New World Revisited – HUXLEY, Aldous | Betwixt the Covers Rare Books". Betweenthecovers.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
42. ^ ^{a b} Office of Intellectual Freedom (26 March 2013). "Top ten Most Challenged Books Lists". American Library Association. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
43. ^ "Banned Books". Classiclit.about.com. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
44. ^ "Banned Books". pcc.edu. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
45. ^ Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (2011). 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature (Second ed.). Checkmark Books. p. 472. ISBN978-0-8160-8232-ii. In 1965, a teacher of English in Maryland claimed that the local school board had violated his First Amendment rights past firing him later on he assigned Brave New Globe as a required reading in his class. The district court ruled against the teacher in Parker v. Board of Education, 237 F. Supp. 222 (D.Md) and refused his asking for reinstatement in the education position. When the case was later heard past the circuit court, Parker v. Board of Education, 348 F.2nd 464 (4th Cir. 1965), the presiding gauge affirmed the ruling of the lower courtroom and included in the determination the opinion that the nontenured status of the instructor accounted for the firing and not the assignment of a particular volume.
46. ^ Sharma, Partap (1975). Razdan, C. K. (ed.). Bare breasts and Bare Bottoms: Anatomy of Film Censorship in India. Mumbai: Jaico Publishing House. pp. 21–22.
47. ^ Sakmann, Lindsay. "King of beasts: Banned Books Week: Banned BOOKS in the Library". library.albright.edu . Retrieved 18 June 2020.
48. ^ Hawkins, Amy; Wasserstrom, Jeffrey (13 January 2019). "Why 1984 Isn't Banned in Cathay". The Atlantic . Retrieved 23 November 2021.
49. ^ Livni, Ephrat (19 December 2018). "A woman commencement wrote the prescient ideas Huxley and Orwell fabricated famous". Quartz . Retrieved 28 October 2020.
50. ^ Orwell, George (4 January 1946). "Review". Orwell Today. Tribune.
51. ^ Russell, Robert (1999). Zamiatin's We. Bristol: Bristol Classical Printing. p. thirteen. ISBN978-1-85399-393-0.
52. ^ "Leonard Lopate Prove". WNYC. 18 August 2006. Archived from the original on v April 2011. {{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (radio interview with We translator Natasha Randall)
53. ^ Playboy interview with Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. Archived 10 Feb 2009 at the Wayback Machine, July 1973.
54. ^ Smuszkiewicz, Antoni (1982). Zaczarowana gra: zarys dziejów polskiej fantastyki naukowej (in Smoothen). Poznań: Wydawn. Poznanskie. OCLC 251929765. ^{[ page needed ]}
55. ^ "Nowiny Literackie" 1948 No. 4, p 7
56. ^ Kate Lohnes, Brave New World at the Encyclopædia Britannica
57. ^ "100 'most inspiring' novels revealed by BBC Arts". BBC News. v November 2019. Retrieved 10 Nov 2019. The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.
58. ^ "Forgotten Actors: Charlotte Lawrence". Forgottenactors.blogspot.ca. 4 December 2012. Retrieved xi August 2016.
59. ^ Jones, Josh (xx November 2014). "Hear Aldous Huxley Read Dauntless New Globe. Plus 84 Classic Radio Dramas from CBS Radio Workshop (1956-57)". Open Culture. Retrieved 11 Baronial 2016.
60. ^ "Leonardo DiCaprio And Ridley Scott Team for 'Dauntless New World' Accommodation". Filmofilia. 9 August 2009.
61. ^ Weintraub, Steve "Frosty". "Ridley Scott Talks PROMETHEUS, Viral Advertising, TRIPOLI, the BLADE RUNNER Sequel, PROMETHEUS Sequels, More, May 31, 2012". Collider.
62. ^ Goldberg, Lesley (v May 2015). "Steven Spielberg's Amblin, Syfy Adapting Classic Novel 'Brave New World' (Sectional)". The Hollywood Reporter.
63. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (13 February 2019). "'Brave New World' Drama Based on Aldous Huxley Novel Moves From Syfy To The states With Series Lodge". Deadline . Retrieved xiii February 2019.
64. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (17 September 2019). "NBCU Streamer Gets Proper name, Sets Slate of Reboots, 'Dr. Decease', Ed Helms & Amber Ruffin Series, 'Parks & Rec'". Deadline . Retrieved 17 September 2019.
65. ^ Andreeva, Nellie (28 October 2020). "'Brave New World' Canceled By Peacock Later One Flavour". Deadline. Archived from the original on 29 October 2020. Retrieved 31 Baronial 2021.

General bibliography [edit]

• Huxley, Aldous (1998). Brave New Earth (Get-go Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-092987-1.
• Huxley, Aldous (2005). Brave New World and Dauntless New Globe Revisited (First Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-077609-9.
• Huxley, Aldous (2000). Brave New Earth Revisited (Kickoff Perennial Classics ed.). New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN0-06-095551-1.
• Postman, Neil (1985). Agreeable Ourselves to Death: Public Soapbox in the Age of Show Business. USA: Penguin United states of america. ISBN0-670-80454-ane.
• Higgins, Charles; Higgins, Regina (2000). Cliff Notes on Huxley's Brave New World. New York: Wiley Publishing. ISBN0-7645-8583-5.
• Russell, Robert (1999). Zamiatin's We. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press. ISBN978-i-85399-393-0.

External links [edit]

• Dauntless New Earth championship listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Brave New World at Faded Folio (Canada)
• Brave New World Revisited at Faded Page (Canada)
• 1957 interview with Huxley every bit he reflects on his life work and the meaning of Dauntless New Earth
• Aldous Huxley: Bioethics and Reproductive Issues
• Aldous Huxley's Dauntless New World: BBC Radio iv In Our Time discussion
• Literapedia page for Dauntless New World
• Brave New World? A Defence Of Paradise-Applied science, a critical analysis by David Pearce (also available as a video recording)
• The Huxley Trap (The New York Times; 14 Nov 2018)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brave_New_World

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